Physics of droplet impact on various substrates and its current advancements in interfacial science: A review

Droplet impact dynamics is an interfacial phenomenon that shown everywhere in nature and the underlying of numerous technological applications including bio-printing, tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, fight against COVID-19 pandemic, smart biomaterials, flexible electronics. Over last decade, expeditious advancement novel functional surfaces, high-speed visualization, nanoscience, nanotechnology, machine learning, computational power, as well connection flow physics with science, have contributed to enhancing understanding relevant complex physical phenomena. Droplet, upon impacting onto substrates, can deposit, spread, bounce, splash. Features droplet surface wettability necessitate elaborate solid–liquid interactions. Given significance for healthcare electronics, it recommended scientific community direct research studies profound such physics. Therefore, this Review initially focuses on liquid–solid science. Second, solid surfaces was discussed. Substrates various features were considered: hydrophilic, hydrophobic, superhydrophobic, smooth, rough, elastic surfaces. Furthermore, advancements related advanced technologies challenges printed pandemic reviewed. Finally, outlines future perspectives directions